影响结构裂缝的主要因素有:温差或收缩、线膨胀系数、弹性模量、板厚或墙高、地基对结构的约束程度、结构长度、材质组成和物理力学性质,以及施工工艺和环境影响等。太阳2表示大约80%的建筑工程裂缝是由上述因素引起的。
一、材料不合格引起的裂缝
(YI)SHUINIBUHEGEHUOSHUINIPINZHONGSHIYONGBUDANGYINQIDELIEFENG
1.YUANYINFENXI:
(1)SHIYONGANDINGXINGBUHEGEDESHUINI,ZAISHUINISHUIHUAHOUNINGJIEYINGHUAGUOCHENGZHONG,ZAIYOUHAIWUZHIZUOYONGXIA,CHANSHENGLEJULIEDEBUJUNYUNDETIJIBIANHUA,ZAIGOUJIANNEIBUHUICHANSHENGPOHUAIYINGLI,DAOZHIHUNNINGTUQIANGDUXIAJIANG、KAILIE;
(2)BUTONGPINZHONG、BUTONGBIAOHAODESHUINI,QIXINGNENGWANQUANBUTONG,SHUIHUAHOUCHUNINGHEZHONGNINGDESHIJIANBUTONG,SHOUSUOLVYEBUTONG,ZAOCHENGKAILIE;
(3)SHIGONGRENYUANBUWANQUANLEJIESHUINIDEXINGZHIHUOBUQINGCHUGONGCHENGDEXINGZHI,LANYONGSHUINI,YOUMEIYOUCAIQUXIANGYINGDEJISHUCUOSHI,YINERZAOCHENGPOHUAISHIGUHUOCHANSHENGLIEFENG。
2.FANGZHICUOSHI:
(1)TONGQIANGDUDENGJIDIYUSHEJIYAOQIU,LIEFENGKUANDUDAYU0.3 mmSHI,XUFANGONGCHULI;
(2)JINGJIANCHA,GOUJIANDEHUNNINGTUQIANGDUDENGJIYIDADAOSHEJIYAOQIU,QIELIEFENGKUANDUXIAOYU0.3 mmSHI,KECAIYONGHUAXUEZHUJIANGDENGFANGFADUILIEFENGJINXINGFENGBICHULI。
(ER)SHA、SHIJILIAOZHONGHANNILIANGCHAOBIAO,XISHAHUOWAIJIAJIXUANYONGBUDANGZAOCHENGGOUJIANLIEFENG
1.YUANYINFENXI:
(1)CAIYONGLIEZHICHANPIN,CHANRUHOUMEIYOUQIDAOYINGYOUDEZUOYONG,ZHIJIEYINGXIANGGOUJIANDEZHILIANG,ZAOCHENGHUNNINGTUDEQIANGDUXIAJIANG,CHUXIANLIEFENG;
(2)GULIAODEHANNILIANGKONGZHIBUYAN,GULIAOBIAOMIANFUZHEDENIANTU、HUICHENHEYOUJIZAZHI,YINGXIANGLESHUINIDENIANJIE,SHINIJIANGFUZAIGOUJIANBIAOCENG,DANGHUNNINGTUGOUJIANYINGHUAHOUBIANCHANSHENGWANGZHUANGGANSUOLIEFENG;
(3)PEIBIBUZHUNQUE,ZAOCHENGWAIJIAJIDECHANLIANGGUODA,SHIHUNNINGTUBANHEWUBUNENGYINGHUA,ZAOCHENGHUNNINGTUGOUJIANPOHUAI。
2.FANGZHICUOSHI:
(1)JINGJIANCEGOUJIANHUNNINGTUQIANGDUDENGJIDIYUSHEJIYAOQIUSHI,BIXUHUITONGYOUGUANBUMENYANJIUJIAGUCHULIFANGAN;
(2)ZAOCHENGGOUJIANDELIEFENGSHI,YINGXIANJIANCEGOUJIANHUNNINGTUDEQIANGDU。RUNENGMANZUSHEJIYAOQIU,KEGENJULIEFENGSHIJIDEKUANDU、ZHANGDU、WEIZHIDENG,KECAIYONGHUAXUEZHUJIANGDENGFANGFADUILIEFENGJINXINGFENGBICHULI,HUIFUYUANYOUGONGNENGHEFANGZHIGANGJINXIUSHI。
二、模板系统造成混凝土构件裂缝
(YI)MOBANZHIJIABUGUIFANCHANSHENGDELIEFENG
1、YUANYINFENXI:
(1)MOBANZHISHEQIAN,MEIYOUGENJUGONGCHENGJIEGOUXINGSHIHESHANGBUHEZAIDEDAXIAO,JISUANQUEDINGZHIJIADEYONGCAIGUIGEHEJIANJUDAXIAO,MANGMUGUJIQUEDING,ZAOCHENGSHIGONGSHICHENGZAILI、GANGDUBUZUDEBIANXING,ZHISHIXINJIAOHUNNINGTULIEFENG(RUTU1、TU2),YANZHONGDEHAIHUIFASHENGTANTASHIGU;
(2)SHIGONGGUANLIBUDANG。ZHILIDICENGMOBANZHIQIANMEIYOUXIANHANGSHIJITUHEPUSHEDIANCENG,ZEJITUDABUDAOCHILICENGDEBIAOZHUN;HUOTUZHIGANYING,ZAIHUNNINGTUJIAOZHUGUOCHENGZHONG,JITUBEIJIAOSHUI、SHENSHUILINSHIHOURUANHUA,ZAISHANGBUHEZAIDEYALIXIAZHIJIACHENJIANGBIANXING,ZAOCHENGTONGGOUJIANCHANSHENGLIEFENG。
2.FANGZHICUOSHI:
(1)JIANCHABIANXINGGOUJIANDESHIJIQINGKUANG,RULIANG、BANJUBUWANQUBIANXINGZUIDAZHIXIAOYU20mmSHI,KEBUZUOCHULI,JINXUZAIMOHUISHIJIUZHENGWAIGUANJIKE;
(2)JIANCHAGOUJIANSHANGBULIEFENGDEKUANDU,JISHICAIYONGGUANJIANGMOYAMISHI,BINGJIAQIANGSHIYANGHU。
(ER)MOBANZHIJIALIZAILOUBANSHANGZAOCHENGDELIEFENG
1、YUANYINFENXI:
(1)DUOCENGFANGWUSHIGONGSHI,SHANGCENGMOBANDELIZHUZHIZAIXIACENGXINJIAOZHUDEGANGJINHUNNINGTULOUBANSHANG,ZAOCHENGLOUBANBIANXINGHELIEFENG。LIEFENGDEKUANDUZAILOUBANDEDIKUAN、SHANGZHAI;LIEFENGSHIKUAZHONGDUO、SIBIANSHAO;
(2)RUOXIACENGXINJIAOZHUGANGJINTONGLOUBANDEDIMOHEZHICHENGYICHAICHU,ZAISHANGCENGMOBAN、ZHIJIAHEJIAOZHUHUNNINGTUDESHIGONGHEZAIDAYULOUBANDEWANQUKANGYAQIANGDUSHI,HUICHANSHENGBIANXINGHELIEFENG;
(3)YOUDEGONGCHENGSHIGONGSUDUJIAOKUAI,XIACENGXINJIAOHUNNINGTULOUBANDEHUNNINGTUQIANGDUHAIWEIDADAOSHEJIZHI,YINSHANGXIACENGMOBANDEZHICHENGLIZHUMEIYOUDUIZHUN,ZAISHANGBUJIZHONGHEZAIDEZUOYONGXIA,SHILOUBANJUBUCHANSHENGBIANXINGHELIEFENG。
2、FANGZHICUOSHI:
(1)JIANCHALOUBANLIEFENGCHU,LIJIJIASHEZHICHENGJINXINGJIAGU,YIFANGZHILOUBANJIXUBIANXINGHELIEFENGDEKUODA;
(2)JIANCHALIEFENGKUANDU,DANGLIEFENGKUANDUXIAOYU0.2mm,WANQUBIANXINGXIAOYUKUADUZHANGDE1/1000SHI,KECAIYONGGUANJIANGFENGBI,HUIFUYUANYOUGONGNENGHEFANGZHIGANGJINXIUSHI;
(3)DANGLIEFENGKUANDUDAYU0.3mmSHI,XUJIAQIANGGUANCE,QINGXIANGGUANRENYUANYANJIUJIAGUFANGAN。
(SAN)ZAOCHAIDIMOYUZHIJIAZAOCHENGDEGOUJIANLIEFENG
1.YUANYINFENXI:
(1)TIQIANCHAICHUCHENGZHONGLIANG、BANDIMO,ZAOCHENGGOUJIANCHENGZAILIBUZUERBIANXINGHELIEFENG;
(2)TIQIANCHAICHUXUANTIAOLIANG、XUANTIAOBANDIMO,ZAOCHENGTONGGOUJIANQINGFU、DUANLIEHELIEFENG;
(3)RUOXUANTIAOGOUJIANMAOGUDUANSHANGBUSHANGMEIYOUKANGQINGFUDEZHUANQITIHUOHEZAISHI,CHAICHUDIMOYUZHIJIASHI,HUIZAOCHENGXUANTIAOGOUJIANQINGFUSHIGU;
(4)DONGJISHIGONGQIWENJIAODISHI,RUOSHIYONGDESHUINIPINZHONGBUDANG,RUCAIYONGKUANGZHAGUISUANYANSHUINIHUOHUOSHANHUIGUISUANYANSHUINIPEIZHIHUNNINGTU,ZEGAIHUNNINGTUQIANGDUZENGZHANGHUANMAN;DANGONGDIRENGANZHAOCHANGGUISHIJIANCHAICHUDIMOYUZHIJIA,ZAOCHENGGOUJIANQIANGDUBUZUERCHANSHENGBIANXING、LIEFENG。YANZHONGSHI,HAIHUICHANSHENGDUANLIEHUOTANTASHIGU。
2.FANGZHICUOSHI:
(1)JIANCHALIEFENGKUANDU,DANGLIEFENGKUANDUXIAOYU0.2mm,WANQUBIANXINGXIAOYUKUADUZHANGDE1/1000SHI,CAIYONGGUANJIANGFENGBI;
(2)DANGLIEFENGKUANDUDAYU0.3mmSHI,XUJIAQIANGGUANCE,JISHIQINGXIANGGUANRENYUANYANJIUJIAGUCHULIFANGAN。
三、钢筋施工不规范造成的构件裂缝
(YI)XUANTIAOGOUJIANDEGANGJINFANGCUOHEXIACHENCHANSHENGDELIEFENGHEDUANLIE(RUTU3、TU4)
1.YUANYINFENXI:
(1)XUANTIAOGOUJIANZAIQIANGUZHIZUOCHUSHISHOUFUWANJU(SHANGBUSHOULA,XIABUSHOUYA),YUJIANZHILIANGJIEGOUDESHOULIQINGKUANGGANGHAOXIANGFAN。XUANTIAOJIEGOUDESHOULIGANGJINYINGZAISHANGBU,RUGUOCUOJIANGSHOULIZHUJINDAOFANG,BIJIANGZAOCHENGSHIGU;
(2)CAOZUOBUGUIFAN,RUXUANTIAOLIANGHEBANDEHUNNINGTUJIAOZHUSHI,BUDASHECAOZUOPINGTAIBAN,ERSHICAITAZAIGANGJINMIANSHANG,CHANGBATIAOLIANGSHANGBUDEZHUJINCAITAXIACHEN,CONGERZAOCHENGLIEFENGHUODUANLIE;
(3)SHIGONGDANWEIDUIXUANTIAOJIEGOUZHONGSHIBUGOU,NONGCUOZHUJINZHIJINGHUOFANGFANZHUJIN,HUOSHOULIXIACHENWEIYIZHIDA,XUERUOLEXUANTIAOJIEGOUDECHENGZAINENGLI,HUOHUNNINGTUQIANGDUDENGJIDIYUSHEJIYAOQIU,GUOZAOCHAIMO,ZHISHIXUANTIAOGOUJIANYANQIANGUDUANGENBULIEFENGHEDUANZHE。
2.FANGZHICUOSHI:
JIANCHAYIJINGLIEFENGDEXUANTIAOLIANGZHONGDEGANGJINZHIJING、JIBIE、SHULIANG,RUOZHIJING、SHULIANG、WEIZHIYUSHEJIBUFUSHI,BIXUJISHIFANGONG,GENGHUANHEGEDEGANGJIN。
(ER)XIANJIAOLOUBANDEFUWANJUPEIJINBUGUIFANCHANSHENGDELIEFENG
1.YUANYINFENXI:
(1)XIANJIAOLOUBANDEFUWANJUGANGJINHUOFUJIAGOUZAOJINLOUFANG、CAITA、XIACHENDENG,DAOZHIBANYANFUWANJUQUYINGLIJIAODACHUCHANSHENGLIEFENG;
(2)XUANTIAOBANDEZHUANJIAOFUJIAJINLOUFANGHUOSHAOFANG,ZAOCHENGBANJIAOCHUDEXIELIEFENG;
(3)SHIGONGQIANJIAODIBUQING,DUIBANDEFUWANJUPEIJINHUOFUJIAGOUZAOJINSHEZHIBUZHONGSHI,MEIYOUCAIQUYOUXIAODEJISHUCUOSHIYIQUEBAOGANGJINDEJIAKONGWEIZHI。
2.FANGZHICUOSHI:
(1)DUIYIJINGJIAOZHUHAODEHUNNINGTULOUBAN,RUYOULIEFENG,FENGKUANDAYU0.3 mmSHI,XUHUITONGXIANGGUANRENYUANCHAMINGYUANYIN,CAIQUJIAGUCUOSHI;
(2)RUOFUWANJUPEIJINSHAOFANGHUOXIACHEN,YINGCAIQUJIAGUBUQIANGCUOSHI。
四、混凝土裂缝
(YI)HUNNINGTUDESUXINGGANSUOLIEFENG
GANSUOLIEFENG:DANGJIAOZHUDEHUNNINGTUSHANGCHUYUSUXINGZHUANGTAISHI,YOUYUYANREDUOFENGSHISHUIFENZHENGFAGUOKUAI,MISHUILVXIAOYUBIAOMIANZHENGFALV,YINQIGOUJIANBIAOMIANSHISHUIGUODUOERKAILIE。LIEFENGZONGHENGJIAOCUO,MEIYOUGUILVXING,DUOYANBANDUANXIANGFENBU。LIEFENGSUIZHESHIJIANDEYANZHANGXIANGHUNNINGTUNEIBUFAZHAN;LIEFENGDUANDUANXUXU,SILIANFEILIAN,YOUSHICHENGGUIBANZHUANG,ZHEIZHONGLIEFENGYIBANCUERDUAN,LIEFENGDAOGANGJINWEIZHI。
1、YUANYINFENXI:
(1)SHIYONGSHOUSUOLVJIAODADESHUINI;HUOSHUINIYONGLIANGDUO,YONGSHUILIANGDA,XIANCHANGSIZIJIASHUIHUOYINWAIJIAJIYINGXIANG,RULVHUAGAIDENGCHANGHUIJIADAHUNNINGTUDEGANSUOZHI;
(2)TI、BIAOBIZHIXIAODEGOUJIAN,HUNNINGTUZHONGDESHUIFENRONGYIZHENGFA,GOUJIANRONGYIGANSUO;
(3)DUIXINJIAOZHUHUNNINGTUDEZHEGAI、DANGFENGHESHIYANGHUBUJISHI。DANGFENGSUCONGWUFENGDAOLIUJIDAFENG,HUNNINGTUZHONGDESHUIFENZHENGFALIANGZENGDA3BEI,KONGQIZHONGDESHIDUYOU90%XIAJIANGDAO50%,SHUIFENZHENGFASUDUZENGJIA5BEI;HUANJINGQIWENYOU10℃SHENGGAODAO20℃,SHUIFENZHENGFALIANGZENGDA1BEI;
(4)GAOWEN、GANZAO、DAFENGDENGSHIHUNNINGTUSHISHUIGUOKUAI,SHISHUISUDUDAYUHUNNINGTUMISHUISUDU。SUXINGHUNNINGTUZAIBIAOMIANSHOUSUOHENEIBUYUESHUZUOYONGXIA,BORUODEYINGJIEBIAOMIANJIUHUICHANSHENGLAYINGLI,ZAOCHENGZHANGDUBUDENGDELIEFENG。
2、FANGZHICUOSHI:
YONGGANGSIBANSHUAHUOPINGMIANSHALUNJIMOCHUSHUINIJIEMOHEJINXINGMAOHUACHULI,SAOCHUCHONGXIGANJING,LIANGGAN。YONGJUHEWUSHAJIANG”XIUFUZHAOPINGJIKE。
(ER)DATIJIHUNNINGTUDEWENCHALIEFENG
DATIJIHUNNINGTU:JIEGOUDUANMIANZUIXIAOCHICUNZAI800mmYISHANG,TONGSHISHUIHUAREYINQIDEHUNNINGTUNEIZUIGAOWENDUYUHUANJINGQIWENZHICHAYUJICHAOGUO25℃DEHUNNINGTUGOUJIAN。DATIJIHUNNINGTUGOUJIAN,ZAIYINGHUAQIJIAN,SHUINIDESHUIHUAREJIAOGAO,JIASHANGGOUJIANHOUDUDA,NEIBUWENDUBUYISANFA,GOUJIANWAIBIAOSUIZIRANQIWENXIAJIANG,NEIWAIWENCHADAYU25℃SHI,ZEWAIBIAOCHANSHENGLENGSUOYINGLI,DANGYINGLIDAYUDANGSHIHUNNINGTUDEKANGLAQIANGDUSHI,CHANGCHANSHENGPOHUAIXINGJIAODADEGUANCHUANGOUJIANDELIEFENGHUOSHENQIANBUDENGDELIEFENG。
1、YUANYINFENXI:
(1)HUNNINGTULIUDONGXINGDA、TANLUODUDA,YONGSHUILIANGDA、SHUINIYONGLIANGDUO、SHALVDA,YINERSHUINIDESHUIHUAREDA。JIAOZHUSUDUKUAI,SHIDATIJIHUNNINGTUNEIWAIWENCHADA,BIAOMIANSANREKUAI,SHOUSUODA,YINERCHANSHENGLIEFENG;
(2)DATIJIHUNNINGTUZHONGSHUINISHIYONGBUDANG,DANGSHUINIZHONGDEGUISUANSANGAI(Ca3Si)DEHANLIANGGAODA5.5%SHI,ZEMEIQIANKESHUINIDEFARELIANGSHI377kJ,BITONGBIAOHAOKUANGZHASHUINIDEFARELIANGDA42 kJ,ZEGOUJIANZHONGDEWENDUCHABIYAOQIUDA11%ZUOYOU,GENGRONGYICHANSHENGWENCHALIEFENG;
(3)WEILEMANZUHUNNINGTUSHEJIQIANGDUDEYAOQIU,CHANGCHANGZAIPEIHEBIZHONGJIADASHUINIYONGLIANG,TIGAOSHUINIBIAOHAO,LIANGZHEDOUHUIYINQIGAOSHUIHUARE。ZAISHIGONGHUANJINGWENDUXIAJIANGSHI,YOUMEIYOUCAIQUYOUXIAODEJISHUCUOSHI,YINERCHANSHENGLIEFENG。
2、FANGZHICUOSHI:
(1)DATIJIHUNNINGTUWENDUDEKONGZHIZHIBIAOBUYIDAYUXIALIESHUZHI:
①DATIJIHUNNINGTUDEJIAOZHURUMOWENDUKONGZHIZAI28℃YINEI。XIAJIGAOWENSHIGONGSHI,YINGCAIQUJIANGWENCUOSHI,KONGZHIHUNNINGTUWENDUBUCHAOGUO28℃;
②DATIJIHUNNINGTUDEJIAOZHURUMOHOUZUIDAWENSHENGZHIWEI35℃。BIYAOSHIKECAIYONGRENGONGDAOREFAZAIHUNNINGTUZHONGMAIRULENGQUESHUIGUAN,YONGXUNHUANSHUIJIANGDIHUNNINGTUNEIBUWENDU;
③TONGJIAOZHUGOUJIANNEIWAIWENCHAYINGKONGZHIZAI25℃YINEI。
(2)ZAIJIAOZHUDATIJIHUNNINGTUSHIBIXUCAIQUXIALIEJISHUCUOSHI:
①XUANYONGSHUIHUAREDIDESHUINI,RUKUANGZHAGUISUANYANSHUINI、FENMEIHUIGUISUANYANSHUINIDENG。YEKEKAOLVZAIPUTONGGUISUANYANSHUINIZHONGCHANRUFENMEIHUIDENGCHANHELIAO,YIJIANGDISHUINISHUIHUARE;
②XUANZEHELIDESHA、SHIJIPEI,YANGEKONGZHIHANNILIANGYINGBUDAYU1.0% ;
③ZAIHUNNINGTUZHONGCHANRUYIDINGDEWAIJIAJI,JINLIANGJIANSHAOSHUINIYONGLIANG,JINGSHEJIDANWEITONGYI,KELIYONGHUNNINGTU60 dDEHOUQIQIANGDUZUOWEIHUNNINGTUDEQIANGDUPINGDING。
(3)LIEFENGCHULICUOSHI:
①JINGGUANCELIEFENGYIJINGWENDING,XIANJIANGLIEFENGQINGLIGANJING,YONGYALISHUICHONGXIBINGLIANGGAN;
②CAIYONGGUANJIANGFENGBICHULI,JIANGKAILIEDEHUNNINGTUZUHECHENGZHENGTI,HUIFUYUANYOUDEGONGNENG。